Various techniques exist to enable the correct selection of batteries for UPS applications.  The procedure described below is one of the more common. ...

Per unit fault calculations is a method whereby system impedances and quantities are normalised across different voltage levels to a common base.  By removing...

The following tables provide quick order of magnitude fault levels for a a range of typical low voltage situations.

Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

Current transformers (CTs) are used to convert high level currents to a smaller more reasonable level for use as inputs to protection relays and metering...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

The other day I was talking to a colleague who is a building services consultant.  Despite regularly specifying dry-type/cast resin transformers he was...

Alternating current (a.c.) is the backbone of modern electrical power distribution. In this article I’ll be pulling some of the more important concepts...

If you are working on a large plan, get the real coordinates [latitude, longitude] for two or more points and add them to the drawing. That way you can...

"I can live with doubt and uncertainty and not knowing. I think it is much more interesting to live not knowing than to have answers that might be wrong...