Most installations involve some form of lightning protection system which is connected to an earth electrode.  The function of the earth electrode is to...

When sizing cables nearly, everyone uses some form of software. This ranges from homespun spreadsheets to complex network analyses software. Each has its...

Electrical notes are a collaborative collection of electrical engineering information and educational material. Any registered user can add content. ...

It starts with me reading one of the Horrible History books with my son (Groovy Greeks). Arrows were mentioned which lead to the discussion of the bodkin...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

The image (reproduced from IEC 60909) shows a typical fault in an ac system.  From the illustration it can seen that there is an initial dc component ...

Problems on achieving maximum voltage drop within an installation come up often. Depending where you live, local regulations will have different limits...

Control theory looks at how systems work and are controlled from a mathematical view.  This note gives a brief introduction to some of the concepts – more...

Carrying out a protection system discrimination study is critical to ensure the correct functioning of  the electrical system in the event of faults. ...

One of the comments on my Motor Starting Series was asking for something on duty cycles. Here it is. As a purchaser of a motor, you have responsibility...