The correct sizing of current transformers is required to ensure satisfactory operation of measuring instruments and protection relays. Several methods...

When looking at the design of a lighting scheme it is useful to have an understanding on the nature of light itself and some of the basic theory associated...

When thinking about watts (W) or kilowatt (kW = 1000 W) it can be useful too keep in mind the fundamental ideas behind the unit. Watt is not a pure electrical...

Often document control is dictated by project requirements, for example a particular organisation may have an existing numbering system. Existing company...

From the earliest times, humans have found ways to create light. Pre-historic peoples used natural materials (moss, grass, etc.) soaked in animal fat and...

Fault calculations are one of the most common types of calculation carried out during the design and analysis of electrical systems. These calculations...

The IEC publishes a series of documents and rules governing the preparation of documents, drawings and the referencing of equipment.   Depending on country...

Alternating current (a.c.) is the backbone of modern electrical power distribution. In this article I’ll be pulling some of the more important concepts...

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Lamps are the essential part of any luminaire. These are the light generating components. Since the advent of electrical lighting in the middle of the...